The History of Autism

The history of autism is a journey of evolving understanding and awareness. The term "autism" was first introduced in 1911 by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler, who used it to describe a symptom of schizophrenia, referring to self-isolation and a detachment from reality. However, it wasn’t until 1943 that autism was formally recognised as a distinct condition by American psychiatrist Leo Kanner. Kanner observed children with unique behavioural patterns, such as difficulties in social interaction, communication challenges, and repetitive behaviours, which he termed "early infantile autism". Around the same time, Austrian paediatrician Hans Asperger independently described a similar condition, later termed "Asperger's Syndrome", characterised by milder symptoms and preserved language skills. For decades, autism was misunderstood, often attributed to poor parenting, with theories like the "refrigerator mother" hypothesis gaining traction before being debunked. It wasn’t until the late 20th century, with advancements in neuroscience and psychology, that autism became widely recognised as a neurodevelopmental condition with a strong genetic basis. Today, autism is identified as part of the "autism spectrum", acknowledging the wide range of presentations and severities. Increased advocacy and research have improved understanding and support, though challenges remain in ensuring inclusivity and access to resources. The history of autism illustrates the importance of ongoing education and awareness in shaping a more inclusive society.